Simulation of amplitude-modulated two-pulse MQMAS NMR for a spin I = 5/2.
Contributor: R. Hajjar

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Amplitude-modulated two-pulse MQMAS

AIM: We provide Mathematica-5 notebooks to optimize the echo and antiecho amplitudes for two-pulse MQMAS NMR experiment applied to half-integer quadrupole spin.

Amplitude-modulated two-pulse sequence for 3Q-MAS

Fig. 1: Amplitude-modulated two-pulse MQMAS sequence and coherence transfer pathways for 3Q echo and -3Q antiecho of a spin I = 5/2 system.
0Q -> 3Q -> -1Q is the 3Q echo transfer pathway.
0Q -> -3Q -> -1Q is the -3Q antiecho transfer pathway.
The echo amplitude and the antiecho amplitude have opposite signs.

Method: We simulate the echo and the antiecho amplitudes of a spin I = 5/2 versus a pulse duration in a powder rotating at the magic angle, using Mathematica-5 notebooks.

The parameters for these simulations are:

(A) Mathematica-5 notebook

(1) Preliminary

Optimization
with
Notebook SIMPSON
1.1.1
p1 for
both pathways
both_P1 (pdf) both_P1
p2 for
both pathways
both_P2 (pdf) both_P2
p2 for
echo pathway
echo_P2 (pdf) echo_P2
p2 for
antiecho pathway
antiecho_P2 (pdf) antiecho_P2
  1. Download Mathematica-5 notebooks, that for MAS NMR utilities QUADRUPOLE_1_0.nb (the corresponding PDF file), and the crystal file rep100_simp.
  2. Save these files into the software Mathematica-5 folder. Forbidden the Operating System of your computer to include extra file extension to rep100_simp by providing the file name with double quotes such as "rep100_simp".
  3. Open QUADRUPOLE_1_0.nb file with Mathematica-5.
  4. Press "Ctrl-A" to select the notebook, then press "Shift-enter" to start the notebook. (Some warning messages appear but they have no consequences on the results.) A new file called QUADRUPOLE is created in Mathematica-5 folder.

(2) Simulation

  1. Open a file such as twoPulse_P2.nb file with Mathematica-5.
  2. Press "Ctrl-A" to select the notebook, then press "Shift-enter" to start simulation. At the end a data file, called twoPulse_P2, is created in Mathematica-5 folder. MS Excel can open this data file for graphic representation.

(B) Result

Figures 2 to 4 represent simulated data.

Al-27 3Q-echo and -3Q antiecho amplitudes versus the first-pulse duration

Fig. 2: Sum of 3Q echo and -3Q antiecho amplitudes of 27Al versus the first-pulse duration. The second-pulse duration is 1 μs. Notebook filename: twoPulse_P1.nb.

Al-27 3Q-echo and -3Q antiecho amplitudes versus the second-pulse duration

Fig. 3: Sum of 3Q echo and -3Q antiecho amplitudes of 27Al versus the second-pulse duration. The first-pulse duration is 4 μs. Notebook filename: twoPulse_P2.nb.

Figure 2 shows that the amplitude varies monotonously when the first-pulse duration increases. In contrast, Fig. 3 shows that the amplitude changes signs twice for the same range of the second-pulse duration.

From an experimental point of view, these two curves suggest us to optimize the amplitude in the following way:
(1) by varying the second-pulse duration and providing a first-pulse duration of a few μs;
(2) by varying the first-pulse duration and fixing the duration of the second pulse to that obtained in step (1).

Al-27 3Q-echo amplitude and -3Q antiecho amplitude versus the second-pulse duration

Fig. 4: 27Al 3Q echo amplitude and -3Q antiecho amplitude versus the second-pulse duration. The first-pulse duration is 4 μs. Notebook filenames: twoPulseEcho_P2.nb and twoPulseAntiecho_P2.nb.

The extreme value of -3Q antiecho curve is larger than that of 3Q echo curve.

(C) Conclusion

The different behavior of the 3Q echo and -3Q antiecho amplitudes of a spin I = 5/2 versus the pulse duration (Fig. 4) is due to the fact that the two coherence transfer pathways are not symmetrical. The coherence order change from p = 3 to p = -1 is four for the echo pathway whereas that from p = -3 to p = -1 is two for the antiecho pathway. This leads to 2-dimensional pure absorption lineshape distortions.

Solid-state NMR bibliography for:

Aluminum-27
Antimony-121/123
Arsenic-75
Barium-135/137
Beryllium-9
Bismuth-209
Boron-11
Bromine-79/81
Calcium-43
Cesium-133
Chlorine-35/37
Chromium-53
Cobalt-59
Copper-63/65
Deuterium-2
Gallium-69/71
Germanium-73
Gold-197
Hafnium-177/179
Indium-113/115
Iodine-127
Iridium-191/193
Krypton-83
Lanthanum-139
Lithium-7
Magnesium-25
Manganese-55
Mercury-201
Molybdenum-95/97
Neon-21
Nickel-61
Niobium-93
Nitrogen-14
Osmium-189
Oxygen-17
Palladium-105
Potassium-39/41
Rhenium-185/187
Rubidium-85/87
Ruthenium-99/101
Scandium-45
Sodium-23
Strontium-87
Sulfur-33
Tantalum-181
Titanium-47/49
Vanadium-51
Xenon-131
Zinc-67
Zirconium-91
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